The Impact of Social Determinants on Access to Health Services in Developing Countries

Lyudmila Yermukhanova, Nurgul Zholdassova, Gulnar Sultanova, Samat Saparbayev and Marina Urazalina

Published: 2026/03/01

Abstract

Access to healthcare in developing countries is shaped by a complex interaction of social, economic, and geographical factors. Despite global efforts to improve equity in health systems, disparities persist, particularly among low-income populations and those living in rural or remote areas. This study aims to analyse the influence of social determinants, specifically economic status, education level, and geographical accessibility, on access to healthcare services across selected developing regions, including Kazakhstan, India, South Africa, Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Nigeria. The research employed a comparative analysis of secondary data from national health reports, international databases, and recent scientific publications (2018–2025). The study assessed the effects of healthcare financing, educational attainment, and regional infrastructure on healthcare utilisation and outcomes. The results demonstrate that increased public healthcare funding and higher education levels, particularly among women, contribute to improved access and better health outcomes. However, inequalities in resource distribution, low insurance coverage, and rural–urban disparities remain persistent barriers. Economic growth alone does not ensure equitable access without targeted policy measures that address these structural issues. The study concludes that sustainable improvement in healthcare accessibility requires integrated policies focusing on financial protection, investment in education, and development of healthcare infrastructure in rural areas. Strengthening universal health coverage systems and reducing out-of-pocket spending are essential for promoting health equity in developing countries.

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