Exploration of Local Knowledge of the Acehnese Agricultural Calendar, “Keuneunong”

Abdul Manan, Elza Surmaini, Yeli Sarvina, Yudi Riadi Fanggidae, Rhino Ariefiansyah, Manguji Nababan and Rahimah Embong

Published: 2026/03/01

Abstract

Local knowledge in agricultural cultivation has been an integral part of farmers’ lives for generations, playing a crucial role in fulfilling food needs and maintaining the balance of nature. However, much of this knowledge is being eroded by economic, political, cultural, and climate changes. This study examines keuneunong as an Acehnese example, defining it as a calculation-based model that links natural indicators to the rice cultivation calendar. The novelty of the study lies in its articulation of keuneunong as a hitherto unexplored functional twelve-period agricultural calendar that translates environmental signals into rice cultivation decisions. Keuneunong refers to a calculation method and describes natural phenomena for each period of the rice cultivation calendar. This study applies a qualitative explanatory approach. Data collection was carried out through manuscript review and in-depth interviews with relevant agencies, key informants, and supporting informants. The results delineate keuneunong as a traditional Acehnese calendrical system describing the phases of rice-field cultivation activities. The analysis reveals that this calendar functions as a traditional time reference for determining when to begin agricultural activities, go fishing, and go sailing. The calendrical system also describes seasonal phenomena and natural indicators that signal specific agricultural activities. Keuneunong divides the year into 12 periods, each characterized by distinct natural phenomena, including weather changes, animal behaviours, and the timing of sunrise and sunset. In Aceh, weather conditions are crucial for agricultural activities such as ploughing fields, sowing rice seedlings in seedbeds, transplanting seedlings, and harvesting, in order to avoid pest infestations and water shortages. Keuneunong provides weather signals that help determine the optimal timing for these activities. By understanding seasonal systems, people can also determine which secondary crops, such as sugar cane and tobacco, are suitable for particular periods. It further assists in determining appropriate times for fishing and sailing. Keuneunong exemplifies local wisdom in maintaining a harmonious relationship with nature and represents a valuable model for preserving nature and human livelihoods in the modern era.

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